? ? ? ?

目錄

1、如何導入pygame包？

2、圖片資源

?3、源碼

（1）alien.py

（2）alien_invasion.py

（3）bullet.py?

（4）button.py

（5）game_stats.py

（6）scoreboard.py

（7）settings.py

（8）ship.py

（9）按 Q 退出游戲

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純python開發的大型游戲？本項目是Python編程從入門到實踐這一本書中的一個項目，在運行下面的項目源碼時，必須必須導入pygame包。

1、如何導入pygame包？

cmd窗口輸入：

pip install pygame

成功的下載后的圖片：

?

python外星人入侵，?如果下載沒成功，可以自己百度一下。可能是pip沒在環境變量，或者沒下pip（但現在一般會跟隨Python運行環境一起下載過來）。

2、圖片資源

????????在運行源碼前應該將圖片放在項目的目錄下。如下圖，images文件夾便是項目要用的圖片資源。

資源：圖片資源

?3、源碼

在運行項目前，需要把下面代碼都寫到項目中保存

（1）alien.py

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Spriteclass Alien(Sprite):"""表示單個外星人的類。"""def __init__(self, ai_game):"""初始化外星人并設置其起始位置。"""super().__init__()self.screen = ai_game.screenself.settings = ai_game.settings# 加載外星人圖像并設置其rect屬性。self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')self.rect = self.image.get_rect()# 每個外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近。self.rect.x = self.rect.widthself.rect.y = self.rect.height# 存儲外星人的精確水平位置self.x = float(self.rect.x)def update(self):"""向右移動外星人。"""self.x += (self.settings.alien_speed*self.settings.fleet_direction)self.rect.x = self.xdef check_edges(self):"""如果外星人位于屏幕邊緣，就返回True。"""screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()if self.rect.right >=  screen_rect.right or self.rect.left <= 0:return True

（2）alien_invasion.py

import sys
from time import sleepimport pygamefrom settings import Settings
from game_stats import GameStats
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
from button import Button
from ship import Ship
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alienclass AlienInvasion:"""管理游戲資源和行為的類"""def __init__(self):"""初始化游戲并創建游戲資源。"""pygame.init()self.settings = Settings()#self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode(#(self.settings.screen_width, self.settings.screen_height))self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((0, 0), pygame.FULLSCREEN)self.settings.screen_width = self.screen.get_rect().widthself.settings.screen_height = self.screen.get_rect().heightpygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")# 創建存儲游戲統計信息的實例。# 并創建記分牌self.stats = GameStats(self)self.sb = Scoreboard(self)self.ship = Ship(self)self.bullets = pygame.sprite.Group()self.aliens = pygame.sprite.Group()self._create_fleet()# 創建Play按鈕。self.play_button = Button(self, "Play")def run_game(self):"""開始游戲的主循環。"""while True:self._check_events()if self.stats.game_active:self.ship.update()self._update_bullets()self._update_aliens()# print(len(self.bullets))self._update_screen()def _check_events(self):# 響應按鍵和鼠標事件for event in pygame.event.get():if event.type == pygame.QUIT:sys.exit()elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:self._check_keydown_events(event)elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:self._check_keyup_events(event)elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:mouse_pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos()self._check_play_button(mouse_pos)def _check_play_button(self, mouse_pos):"""在玩家單擊Play按鈕是開始新游戲。"""button_clicked = self.play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_pos)if button_clicked and not self.stats.game_active:# 重置游戲統計信息。self.settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()self.stats.reset_stats()self.stats.game_active = Trueself.sb.prep_score()self.sb.prep_level()self.sb.prep_ships()# 清空余下的外星人和子彈。self.aliens.empty()self.bullets.empty()# 創建一群新的外星人并讓飛船居中。self._create_fleet()self.ship.center_ship()# 隱藏鼠標光標。pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)def _check_keydown_events(self, event):"""響應按鍵。"""if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:self.ship.moving_right = Trueelif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:self.ship.moving_left = Trueelif event.key == pygame.K_q:sys.exit()elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:self._fire_bullet()def _check_keyup_events(self, event):"""響應松開。"""if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:self.ship.moving_right = Falseelif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:self.ship.moving_left = Falsedef _fire_bullet(self):"""創建一顆子彈，并將其加入編組bullets中。"""if len(self.bullets) < self.settings.bullet_allowed:new_bullet = Bullet(self)self.bullets.add(new_bullet)def _update_screen(self):"""更新屏幕上的圖像，并切換到新屏幕。"""self.screen.fill(self.settings.bg_color)self.ship.blitme()for bullet in self.bullets.sprites():bullet.draw_bullet()self.aliens.draw(self.screen)# 顯示得分。self.sb.show_score()# 如果游戲處于非活躍狀態，就繪制Play按鈕。if not self.stats.game_active:self.play_button.draw_button()pygame.display.flip()def _update_bullets(self):"""更新子彈的位置并刪除消失的子彈。"""# 更新子彈的位置self.bullets.update()# 刪除消失的子彈。for bullet in self.bullets.copy():if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:self.bullets.remove(bullet)self._check_bullet_alien_collisions()def _check_bullet_alien_collisions(self):"""響應子彈和外星人碰撞。"""# 刪除發生碰撞的外星人。collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(self.bullets, self.aliens, True, True)if collisions:for aliens in collisions.values():self.stats.score += self.settings.alien_points*len(aliens)self.sb.prep_score( )self.sb.check_high_score()if not self.aliens:# 刪除現有的子彈并新建一群外星人。self.bullets.empty()self._create_fleet()self.settings.increase_speed()# 提高等級self.stats.level += 1self.sb.prep_level()def _update_aliens(self):"""檢查是否有外星人位于屏幕邊緣，并更新整群外星人的位置。"""self._check_fleet_edges()self.aliens.update()# 檢測外星人和飛船之間的碰撞。if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(self.ship, self.aliens):self._ship_hit()# 檢查是否有外星人到達了屏幕底端。self._check_aliens_bottom()def _create_fleet(self):"""創建外星人群。"""# 創建一個外星人并計算一行可容納多少個外星人。# 外星人的間距為外星人寬度alien = Alien(self)alien_width, alien_height = alien.rect.sizeavailable_space_x = self.settings.screen_width - (2 * alien_width)number_aliens_x = available_space_x // (2 * alien_width)# 計算屏幕可容納多少行外星人。ship_height = self.ship.rect.heightavailable_space_y = (self.settings.screen_height - (3 * alien_height) - ship_height)number_rows = available_space_y // (2 * alien_height)# 創建外星人群。for row_number in range(number_rows):for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):self._creat_alien(alien_number, row_number)def _creat_alien(self, alien_number, row_number):# 創建一個外星人并加入當前行。alien = Alien(self)alien_width, alien_height = alien.rect.sizealien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_numberalien.rect.x = alien.xalien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height*row_numberself.aliens.add(alien)def _check_fleet_edges(self):"""有外星人到達邊緣時采取相應的措施。"""for alien in self.aliens.sprites():if alien.check_edges():self._change_fleet_direction()breakdef _change_fleet_direction(self):"""將整群外星人下移，并改變它們的方向。"""for alien in self.aliens.sprites():alien.rect.y += self.settings.fleet_drop_speedself.settings.fleet_direction *= -1def _ship_hit(self):"""響應飛船被外星人撞到。"""if self.stats.ships_left > 0:# 將ships_left減1.self.stats.ships_left -= 1self.sb.prep_ships()# 清空余下的外星人和子彈。self.aliens.empty()self.bullets.empty()# 創建一群新的外星人，并將飛放到屏幕底端的中央。self._create_fleet()self.ship.center_ship()# 暫停。sleep(0.5)else:self.stats.game_active = Falsepygame.mouse.set_visible(True)def _check_aliens_bottom(self):"""檢查是否有外星人到達了屏幕底端。"""screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()for alien in self.aliens.sprites():if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:# 像飛船被撞到一樣處理。self._ship_hit()breakif __name__ == '__main__':# 創建游戲實例并運行游戲。ai = AlienInvasion()ai.run_game()

（3）bullet.py?

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Spriteclass Bullet(Sprite):"""管理飛船所發射子彈的類"""def __init__(self, ai_game):"""在飛船當前位置創建一個子彈對象。"""super().__init__()self.screen = ai_game.screenself.settings = ai_game.settingsself.color = self.settings.bullet_color# 在（0,0）處創建一個表示子彈的矩形，再設置正確的位置。self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.settings.bullet_width,self.settings.bullet_height)self.rect.midtop = ai_game.ship.rect.midtop# 存儲用小數表示的子彈位置。self.y = float(self.rect.y)def update(self):"""向上移動子彈。"""# 更新表示子彈位置的小數值。self.y -= self.settings.bullet_speed# 更新表示子彈的rect的位置。self.rect.y = self.y def draw_bullet(self):"""在屏幕繪制子彈。"""pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)

（4）button.py

import pygame.fontclass Button:def __init__(self, ai_game, msg):"""初始化按鈕的屬性。"""self.screen = ai_game.screenself.screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()# 設置按鈕的尺寸和其他屬性。self.width, self.height = 200, 50self.button_color = (0, 255, 0)self.text_color = (255, 255, 255)self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)# 創建按鈕的rect對象，并使其居中self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height)self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center# 按鈕的標簽只需創建一次。self._prep_msg(msg)def _prep_msg(self, msg):"""將msg渲染為圖像，并使其在按鈕上居中。"""self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg, True, self.text_color,self.button_color)self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.centerdef draw_button(self):# 繪制一個用顏色填充的按鈕，再繪制文本。self.screen.fill(self.button_color, self.rect)self.screen.blit(self.msg_image, self.msg_image_rect)

（5）game_stats.py

class GameStats:"""跟蹤游戲的統計信息。"""def __init__(self, ai_game):"""初始化統計信息。"""self.settings = ai_game.settingsself.reset_stats()# 游戲剛啟動時處于非活動狀態。self.game_active = False# 任何情況下都不應該重置最高得分。self.high_score = 0def reset_stats(self):"""初始化在游戲運行期間可能變化的統計信息。"""self.ships_left = self.settings.ship_limitself.score = 0self.level = 1

（6）scoreboard.py

import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Groupfrom ship import Shipclass Scoreboard:"""顯示得分信息的類。"""def __init__(self, ai_game):"""初始化顯示得分涉及的屬性。"""self.ai_game = ai_gameself.screen = ai_game.screenself.screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()self.settings = ai_game.settingsself.stats = ai_game.stats# 顯示得分信息時使用的字體設置。self.text_color = (30, 30, 30)self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)# 準備包含最高得分和當前得分的圖像self.prep_score()self.prep_high_score()self.prep_level()self.prep_ships()def prep_score(self):"""將得分轉換為一幅渲染的圖像。"""rounded_score = round(self.stats.score, -1)score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True,self.text_color, self.settings.bg_color)# 在屏幕右上角顯示得分。self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20self.score_rect.top = 20def prep_high_score(self):"""將最高得分轉換為渲染的圖像。"""high_score = round(self.stats.high_score, -1)high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score)self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str, True,self.text_color, self.settings.bg_color)# 將最高得分放在屏幕頂部中央。self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerxself.high_score_rect.top = self.screen_rect.topdef show_score(self):"""在屏幕上顯示得分、等級和余下的飛船數。"""self.screen.blit(self.score_image, self.score_rect)self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)self.ships.draw(self.screen)def check_high_score(self):"""檢查是否誕生了新的最高得分。"""if self.stats.score > self.stats.high_score:self.stats.high_score = self.stats.scoreself.prep_high_score()def prep_level(self):"""將等級轉換為渲染的圖像。"""level_str = str(self.stats.level)self.level_image = self.font.render(level_str, True,self.text_color, self.settings.bg_color)# 將等級放在得分下方。self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.rightself.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10def prep_ships(self):"""顯示還余下多少艘飛船。"""self.ships = Group()for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):ship = Ship(self.ai_game)ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.widthship.rect.y = 10self.ships.add(ship)

（7）settings.py

class Settings:"""存儲游戲《外星人入侵》中所有設置的類"""def __init__(self):"""初始化游戲的靜態設置。"""# 屏幕設置self.screen_width = 1200self.screen_height = 800self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)# 飛船設置self.ship_speed = 1.5self.ship_limit = 3# 子彈設置self.bullet_speed = 1.0self.bullet_width = 3self.bullet_height = 15self.bullet_color = (60, 60, 60)self.bullet_allowed = 3# 外星人設置self.alien_speed = 1.0self.fleet_drop_speed = 1.0# fleet_direction 為1表示向右移，為-1表示向左移。self.fleet_direction = 1# 加快游戲節奏的速度。self.speedup_scale = 1.1# 外星人分數的提高速度self.score_scale = 1.5self.initialize_dynamic_settings()def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):"""初始化隨游戲進行而變化的設置。"""self.ship_speed = 1.5self.bullet_speed = 3.0self.alien_speed = 1.0# fleet_direction為 1 表示向右，為-1 表示為向左。self.fleet_direction = 1# 記分self.alien_points = 50def increase_speed(self):"""提高速度設置和外星人分數。"""self.ship_speed *= self.speedup_scaleself.bullet_speed *= self.speedup_scaleself.alien_speed *= self.speedup_scaleself.alien_points = int(self.alien_points*self.score_scale)

（8）ship.py

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Spriteclass Ship(Sprite):"""管理飛船的類"""def __init__(self, ai_game):"""初始化飛船并設置其初始位置。"""super().__init__()self.screen = ai_game.screenself.settings = ai_game.settingsself.screen_rect = ai_game.screen.get_rect()# 加載飛船圖像并獲取其外接矩形。self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')self.rect = self.image.get_rect()# 對于每艘飛船，都將其放在屏幕底部的中央。self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom# 在飛船的屬性x中存儲小數值。self.x = float(self.rect.x)# 移動標志。self.moving_right = Falseself.moving_left = Falsedef update(self):"""根據移動標志調整飛船的位置。"""# 更新飛船而不是rect對象的x值if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:self.x += self.settings.ship_speedif self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:self.x -= self.settings.ship_speed# 根據self.x更新rect對象self.rect.x = self.xdef blitme(self):"""在指定位置繪制飛船。"""self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)def center_ship(self):"""讓飛船在屏幕底端居中。"""self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottomself.x = float(self.rect.x)

（9）按 Q 退出游戲